Results:
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The results section of a research paper shows the reader the results from the data obtained. The data can be presented in different ways; a graph, table, diagram, or written text. The raw data is usually in an appendix at the end of the paper. Every result should be backed up by an explanation. The author should highlight significant parts, such as trends or relationships. Make sure that data from the graph isn’t repeated. There are 2 common ways to present data; present all the parts and then a discussion, or presenting one part and then a discussion, followed by more results and another discussion (Writing up Research).
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The results section does not interpret the results, this is done in the discussion section. One problem with the result section is trying not to give too much information. One way to prevent this is by being less specific. It is advised to show the most relevant data in a graph or table. Text in the results section should resolve unclear points. One general outline for the results is to show all the information, followed by discussion at the end. Another way is to present some information, discuss it, present more information, discuss it, and so on. Negative results should also be included. If a shortened version of the raw data is used, then the use of an appendix is not needed (Shuttleworth).
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The result section shows the reader the outcome of the research. Organize the results in the same way the hypothesis was laid out. It should start by the statistics and tests used in the research. Be sure to explain connections. Also, describe each connection and group used in the tests. Furthermore, make sure the results are formatted properly, based on the formatting style being used. End each description with a statement saying how it did or did not support your hypothesis. Tables and other figures should be used sparingly (E-How).
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A good results section shows not only textual representation, but graphic representation as well. Raw data, along with graphs and tables should be used. The results must be explained with great detail, but not necessarily explained themselves. Only use the most significant issues, and don’t use irrelevant information. If an appendix is used, it is placed at the end of the paper.
Discussion:
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The discussion section explains the results of the research along with what was already known about the topic. This section connects the introduction by saying how far the research has moved forward. Some important questions are: do your results provide answers to the testable hypotheses, do the findings agree with what others have shown, and if not do they suggest an alternative explanation, with your conclusion considered, what is the new understanding of the problem, and if warranted what would be the next step in the study. The active voice should be used in this section. It should be organized to address each test in the research, and the interpretation of what they mean. Findings of other researchers are used in your interpretations, so make sure that no new results have been found. Relating your work to the work of others is essential, this allows for comparison of findings. Don’t include new results in the discussion section. Acknowledgments must be made if help was received with any ideas (How to Write Guide).
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Relate the results back to the hypothesis. Provide a detailed description of the important parts from the introduction and the results. Don’t make it seem like the information found from the research is the final result. Find relationships and patterns between things. If the findings did not support the hypothesis, explain why. Talk about weaknesses in the research. Talk about what future research may include; like the next steps (Hanover College).
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The discussion section generalized what was learned from the research. Explain the consequences of the research. Findings should relate back to the introduction. The discussion should relate directly to the thesis, and no new information should be presented here. Also, it is usually written in present tense(Formal Research Structure).
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This is the section where the results are explained. Explain why the information gained was found, and how. Is it what was predicted? Talk about the limitations of the study, and also talk about the next steps that should be taken for future research. Describe how your research pertains to theory and practice (Kahn).
Conclusion:
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The conclusion is part of the frame around the body of the paragraph and is generally one of the hardest parts to write. Also, the conclusion gives the writer the chance to give last expressions and ideas about the topic. It gives the paper meaning in some manners. One unique attribute about the conclusion is that it is not bound by the paper, it can expand. It can show broader issues and make new connections. There are several strategies to writing a conclusion. One strategy is to play the “So What?” game. Every time a statement is made in the conclusion, a friend says, “so what?” The author then can think about the question and answer it. Another strategy is to return to the introduction, make the paper go in a full circle. Synthesizing is another method. Show how points made in the paper support examples. There are strategies to avoid, too. Avoid using the terms, “in conclusion,” “in closing,” and so on. These terms are acceptable in speeches, but not papers. The thesis should never be stated in the conclusion. New ideas or subtopics should never be introduced here. Evidence should never be shown in the conclusion. Four kinds of ineffective conclusions are the “Thats my story and I’m sticking to it,” “The Sherlock Holmes,” “We Shall Overcome,” and “the Grab Bag” Conclusion. The first method simply restates the thesis, the second method is when the writer places the thesis at the end, the third uses emotion to make it seem appealing, and the last uses information the author found but couldn’t implement into the main body (Conclusions).
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Some papers may end with the discussion section and not need the conclusion. For papers that do indeed need a conclusion, the ideas are synthesized in this section. Ideas are unified and shown significance. The ideas should relate to the introduction (Formal Research Structures).
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It is argued that the conclusion is the most important part of the essay. All the research from the essay must present results. The thesis must be restated, and show how all the material found and used measures up. Analyze the main points of the paper for the readers. No new information is given in the conclusion, but the conclusion contains original information, it shows the value of the research and the author’s understanding (Research Paper Writing Guide).
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A good conclusion is important for many reasons; it allows the author to have the last word on the issue, allows the author to summarize ideas and show additional implications from the research, shows the importance of the research, and shows the audience new ways of looking at the idea. The conclusion should be simple and clear, and should not simply repeat information mentioned earlier. Show opportunities for future research. The conclusion also shows the importance and strength of the argument. It shows the most important evidence. The conclusion also restates the research question after the reader has been presented all information (8. The Conclusion).
References:
“Conclusions.” The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Web. <http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/conclusions.html>.
“Formal Research Structure – Structuring the Research Paper – Chapter 4: The Research Process – Online Guide to Writing and Research – Effective Writing Center (EWC) -.” UMUC. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://www.umuc.edu/ewc/onlineguide/chapter4/chapter4-13.shtml>.
“How to Write Guide: Sections of the Paper.” Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWsections.html#discussion>.
Kahn, Jeffery. “Sample APA Paper for Students Interested in Learning APA Style 6th Edition.” Illinois State University. Web. <http://my.ilstu.edu/~jhkahn/APAsample.pdf>.
“How to Write the Results Section of A Research Paper | EHow.com.” EHow | How To Do Just About Everything! | How To Videos & Articles. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://www.ehow.com/how_5737710_write-results-section-research-paper.html>.
“Research Paper Introduction and Conclusion :: Research Paper Writing Guide.” Custom Essays for Sale – $13.95/page – Buy Essay Online. Web. <http://www.tailoredessays.com/how-write/research-paper/introduction-conclusion.htm>.
“Research Papers: Research Paper Writing. Need Writing Services?” Custom Essay Writing Service. $10.49/page. FREE Plagiarism Report! Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://custom-writing.org/research-papers#th>.
Shuttleworth, Martyn. “Writing a Results Section – Announcing the Findings.” Scientific Method – Understanding Science, Research and Experiments. 2009. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://www.experiment-resources.com/writing-a-results-section.html>.
“Writing a Results and Discussion.” Hanover College Psychology Department-Department Information. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. <http://psych.hanover.edu/Classes/PSY220/ResultDisc.htm>.
“Writing up Research: Results.” Language Center Website. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. <http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21RES.HTM>.
“8. The Conclusion – Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper – LibGuides at University of Southern California.” Home – LibGuides at University of Southern California. Web. <http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=615873>.
